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The Hunt For Red Hot Home Hazards
National Fire Protection Assc. Magazine

If you have a fireplace make sure it’s designed to be a working fireplace before you use it.  Many fireplaces are designed for just decoration.  If you’re not sure, a fireplace installer can easily check for you. Never leave a fire unattended, and make sure fires are completely out before leaving the room.

Never use combustible or flammable liquids to start a fireplace or wood or coal stove, and never use trash to feed it, either.  Both are unpredictable fuels that are likely to overtax your fireplace and chimney.  Similarly, use only seasoned, dry, hard wood or, if you use artificial logs, burn only one at a time.  More than one could produce more heat than the system can stand.

If you have a chimney, be sure you have it cleaned once a year by a professional.  The incomplete burning of wood or coal creates a combustible deposit called “creosote” that is the material most frequently ignited in home heating fires.  If you have a wood or coal stove or a fireplace insert or if you use glass doors on your fireplace, you’re probably building up creosote faster, and you will probably need to clean the chimney more often.

Make sure you have a screen for your fireplace and always use it to keep sparks from flying into the room.  Look closely at your carpet, rug, or floor.  If you see burn marks, you haven't been screening your fireplace effectively.  If you can’t screen embers or ashes well enough, you may need a fire-resistant rug designed for use near fireplaces. Hot embers and ashes caused 1,700 fires and 19 deaths a year in living rooms alone.  You should also use a spark arrestor, or chimney cap over the top of the chimney to keep animals out and to prevent embers and ashes from flying onto the roof or outer walls.  Dispose of ashes using a metal container with a tight lid.

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Creosote & Chimney Fires

A dirty chimney with only a quarter inch of soot contains the highly flammable substance called creosote.  An innocent, errant spark from a hot fire (around 900 degrees) could easily ignite the creosote in your fireplace into a roaring chimney fire-a terrifying disaster which killed almost 1,000 people last year, and destroyed over 180 million dollars in property.  At the height of a chimney fire, the creosote can burn at temperatures exceeding 2000 degrees F. Flames and flying embers can easily land on the roof and ignite the wood framing of your home.  The intense heat can cause the flue to crack or collapse thus causing the interior walls of your house to burst into flames.

Creosote in chimneys comes in several stages.  In its flaky, soot form (1st degree), it is easily brushed away leaving safe and clean flue walls.  When it appears as hard, brittle deposits (2nd degree), the chimney sweep’s extra efforts in brushing will remove most of the build-up.  But the nasty glazed variety (3rd degree) is truly the most dangerous form, and the most difficult to remove from your home’s wood burning system.  And until recently, glazed creosote was almost impossible to remove in many instances.

Glazed creosote in your chimney is recognizable by its dense, shiny tar-like appearance.  This unpleasant substance is basically wood tar, which has become baked onto the walls of the chimney or flue lining.  Once it gets burning in your chimney, it is extremely difficult to extinguish.

What causes glazed creosote to accumulate?

Unfortunately, there is no such thing as creosote-free wood burning.  Creosote accumulation will occur no matter what kind of wood is burned and no matter what kind of wood burning system is used.  What determines the type of creosote and its severity is how the fuel is burned.  Solid fuel authorities agree that the amount of smoke, the temperature of the fire and the regulation of air (turbulence) are the major variables, which determine the amount of build-up.  A low burning fire, for example, will result in incomplete combustion, the number one cause of glazed creosote accumulation.  An improperly installed fireplace insert that allows the smoke to cool too quickly in the firebox is another situation, which causes severe glazing.  To combat this problem, flue gases should be kept between 250 degrees and 500 degrees F. in order to reduce the rate of creosote accumulation.  (Be sure to ask your chimney sweep about proven methods to assure correct burning.)

If your chimney sweep has already diagnosed glazed creosote as a problem in your chimney take his or her advice seriously.  DO NOT continue to use your affected fireplace or woodstove.  The simple fact is that a hot fire could easily ignite the glazed creosote and result in a dangerous chimney fire.  And a low burning fire under such hazardous conditions will only worsen the glazed creosote problem.